The androgen receptor (AR) is a nuclear receptor that functions as a transcription factor and regulates the development and growth of the prostate. The AR, when bound by a ligand, complexes with DNA at androgen response elements in the promoter region of target genes.
What is androgen receptor signaling?
The androgen receptor (AR), ligand-induced transcription factor, is expressed in primary prostate cancer and in metastases. AR regulates multiple cellular events, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, and differentiation. Its expression in prostate cancer cells is regulated by steroid and peptide hormones.
Where is the AR gene located?
The gene encoding androgen receptor (AR), alternatively known as the dihydrotestosterone receptor, is located on the X chromosome.
What does androgen dependent mean?
An androgen-dependent condition, disease, disorder, or syndrome, is a medical condition that is, in part or full, dependent on, or is sensitive to, the presence of androgenic activity in the body.
What binds to the androgen receptor?
The androgen receptor (AR), also known as NR3C4 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 4), is a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by binding any of the androgenic hormones, including testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in the cytoplasm and then translocating into the nucleus.
What happens when DHT binds to androgen receptors?
DHT binds to the ligand-binding pocket and promotes the dissociation of heat-shock proteins (HSPs) from the AR. The AR then translocates into the nucleus, dimerizes and binds to the androgen response element (ARE) in the promoter region of target genes such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and TMPRSS2.
Where are androgen receptors found?
the X chromosome
Gene. In humans, the androgen receptor is encoded by the AR gene located on the X chromosome at Xq11–12.
What is AR Signalling?
Abstract. The classical action of androgen receptor (AR) is to regulate gene transcriptional processes via AR nuclear translocation, response element binding and recruitment of, or crosstalk with, transcription factors. AR also utilises non-classical, non-genomic mechanisms of signal transduction.
What is an AR mutation?
Mutations of androgen receptor (AR) are the most frequent cause of 46, XY disorders of sex development and associated with a variety of phenotypes, ranging from phenotypic women (complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS)) to milder degrees of undervirilization (partial form or PAIS) or men with only infertility ( …
What is an AR gene?
The AR gene provides instructions for making a protein called an androgen receptor. Androgens are hormones (such as testosterone) that are important for normal male sexual development before birth and during puberty. Androgen receptors allow the body to respond appropriately to these hormones.
What causes increased androgen levels?
In addition to PCOS, other causes of high androgen levels (called hyperandrogenism) include congenital adrenal hyperplasia (a genetic disorder affecting the adrenal glands that afflicts about one in 10,000 to one in 18,000 Americans, about half of whom are women) and other adrenal abnormalities, and ovarian or adrenal …
What is the androgen receptor?
Androgen Receptor Structure, Function and Biology: From Bench to Bedside The actions of androgens such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone are mediated via the androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-dependent nuclear transcription factor and member of the steroid hormone nuclear receptor family.
How are androgens modified by post translational modification?
Androgen receptor is modified by post translational modification through acetylation, which directly promotes AR mediated transactivation, apoptosis and contact independent growth of prostate cancer cells. AR acetylation is induced by androgens and determines recruitment into chromatin.
What is bi-directional Sanger sequencing of the gene androgen receptor?
Bi-directional Sanger sequencing of the gene Androgen Receptor is performed using PCR primers designed to target hotspot mutations in exons 4, 5 and 8. Androgen receptor (AR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that plays a critical role in the development and progression of prostate cancer.
What is the androgen receptor mutation analysis for prostate cancer?
Androgen Receptor Mutation Analysis. However, mutations in the AR gene as well as the expression of alternatively-spliced AR variant 7 (AR-V7) that lack the LBD lead to resistance to ADT. Furthermore, constitutional variations (mutations) and acquired mutations in AR lead to higher expression of the AR-V7 in castration-resistant prostate cancer.
